In step-growth polymers pdf download
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A generic representation of a step-growth polymerization. ( Single white dots represent monomers and black chains represent oligomers and polymers)[1] Comparison of Molecular weight vs conversion plot between step-growth and living chain-growth polymerization Step-growth polymerization refers to a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers and eventually long chain polymers. Many naturally occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced by step-growth polymerization, e.g. polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, etc. Due to the nature of the polymerization mechanism, a high extent of reaction is required to achieve high molecular weight. The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain — each person has two hands (= reactive sites). There also is the possibility to have more than two reactive sites on a monomer: In this case branched polymers are produced. Contents 1 Step growth polymerization and condensation polymerization 2 Branched polymers 3 Differences between step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization 4 Historical Aspects 5 Classes of step-growth polymers 6 Kinetics 6.1 Self-catalyzed polyesterification 6.2 External catalyzed polyesterification 7 Molecular weight distribution in linear polymerization 7.1 Probability 7.2 Number fraction distribution 7.3 Weight fraction distribution 7.4 PDI 8 Molecular weight control in linear polymerization 8.1 Need for stoichiometric control 8.2 Quantitative aspects 9 Multi-chain polymerization 10 Advances in step-growth Polymers 10.1 Aromatic polyether 10.2 Polyethersulfone 10.3 Aromatic polysulfides 10.4 Aromatic polyimide 10.5 Telechelic oligomer approach 11 See also 12 External links 13 References Step growth.
The most valuable feature of the book will probably be its collection of experimental procedures. ( MRS Bulletin, January 2005) “.contains vast amounts of experimental techniques highly useful for polymer chemists or other researchers.may well serve as a first line of reference source for all polymer and materials scientists.” ( Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 20, No. 12 12/1, 2003) This excellent book is a vary valuable source of information.strongly recommended. ( Polymer News). Mainstream polymer chemists should acquire a personal copy for their bookshelves and all serious scientific libraries otherwise. ( Journal of Reactive ‘ Click’ chemistry; Aliphatic polyesters; Polyurethanes1. Introduction: toward the revival of step-growth polymers Step-growth polymers have been known since the discovery of synthetic polymers as useful polymeric materials within wide application areas. Nowadays, they have a huge industrial impact and it would be difficult to imagine life without them. It all began with the Belgian chemist Baekeland, who discovered the Bakelite resins from the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde in 1907 [1]. It was the pioneering work of Wallace Carothers and his research group at Du Pont that led.